The Side Effects Of Common Psychiatric Drugs: Antipsychotics
The Side Effects Of Common Psychiatric Drugs: Antipsychotics
(Called Major Tranquilizers or Neuroleptics)
Brand Names (Generic Names):
Older Antipsychotics
Compazine (prochlorperazine)
Haldol (haloperidol)
Largactil (clorpromazine)
Lidone (molindone)
Loxitane (loxapine)
Mellaril (thioridazine hydrochloride)
Moban (molindone hydrochloride)
Navane (thiorixene)
Novo-Trifluzine (trifluoperazine)
Nozinan (methotrimeprazine)
Orap (pimozide)
Permitil (fluphenazine)
Phenergam (promethazie)
Proketazine (carphenazine)
Prolixin (fluphenazine hydrochloride)
Repoise (butaperazine Maleate)
Serentil (mesoridazine besylate)
Sparine (promazine)
Stemetil (prochlorperazine)
Taractan (chlorprothixene)
Thorazine (chlorpromazine)
Tindal (acetophenazine)
Trancopal (chlormezanone)
Trilafon (perphenazine)
Vesprin (triflupromazine)
Newer Atypical Antipsychotics
Abilify (aripiprazole)
Clozaril (clozapine)
Geodon (ziprasidone hydrochloride)
Invega (palperidone)
Leponex (clozapine)
Risperdal (risperidone)
Serlect (sertindole)
Seroquel (quetiapine)
Symbyax (fluoxetine and olanzapine –antidepressant/antipsychotic mix)
Zeldox (ziprasidone)
Zyprexa (olanzapine)
Side Effects:
Abnormal gait (manner of walking)
Agitation
Akathisia*
Anxiety
Birth defects
Blood disorders
Blood-sugar abnormalities
Blurred vision
Breastmilk production
Changes in behavior
Chest pain
Confusion
Death from liver failure
Decreased sexual interest or ability
Depression
Diabetes
Difficulty breathing, swallowing or fast
breathing
Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
Difficulty urinating or loss of bladder control
Dreaming more than usual
Drowsiness
Dry mouth
Dry or discolored skin
Excess sweating
Excessive weight gain
Extreme inner anxiety
Eye pain or discoloration
Fainting
Fast, irregular, or pounding
heartbeat
Fatal blood clots
Fever
Fine worm-like tongue movements
Flu-like symptoms
Headache
Heart arrhythmia
Heart failure
Heart palpitation
Heartburn
Heat stroke
Hemorrhage
High fever
Hives
Hostility
Hyperglycemia (abnormally high blood sugar)
Hypoglycemia (abnormally low blood sugar)
Impotence
Increased appetite
Increased salivation
Indigestion
Insomnia
Itching
Jaw, neck, and back muscle spasms
Joint pain
Lack of energy
Light-headedness
Loss of appetite
Manic reaction
Mood changes
Muscle or joint stiffness, pain, or weakness
Muscle twitching
Nausea
Nervousness
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome*
Nightmares
Pacing
Pain in arms, legs, back, or joints
Pain in the upper right part of the stomach
Painful erection that lasts for hours
Painful skin rashes
Pancreatitis (inflammation of pancreas, a gland near the stomach that helps digestion)
Poor concentration
Restlessness or pacing
Seizures or convulsions
Sexual dysfunction
Shakiness
Shaking hands that you cannot control
Sleepiness
Slow or difficult speech
Slow, jerky movements
Sore throat
Spasms
Suicidal thoughts
Swelling of the arms, hands, feet, ankles, or lower legs
Swollen and leaking breasts
Tachycardia (heart irregularity)
Tardive Dyskinesia*
Unusual behavior
Unusual bleeding or bruising
Unusual tiredness
Violence
Vomiting
Weakness
Weight gain
Yellowing of the skin or eyes86
GENERAL WARNINGS AND STUDIES ON ANTIPSYCHOTICS:
2001: The Journal of Toxicology reported that the newer antipsychotics “will soon account for the majority of poisonings from antipsychotic agents that get presented to health care facilities in the U.S.”90 Researchers found, “[T]he ingestion of a single tablet of clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa) and risperidone (Risperidal) may cause significant toxicity in a toddler. Ataxia (involuntary muscular movement), confusions, EPS (extrapyramidal symptoms – nerve damage), coma and respiratory arrest have been reported following ingestion of 50-200 mg of clozapine in toddlers.”91
September 2003: The FDA requested the makers of six newer antipsychotic drugs add a caution to their labeling language about the potential risk of diabetes and blood sugar abnormalities.92
June 2004: The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration published an Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin reporting that the newer antipsychotics could increase the risk of diabetes.93
September 22, 2005: Dr. Jeffrey Lieberman of Columbia University and other researchers published a study in The New England Journal of Medicine that compared the older generation of antipsychotics with several newer ones. Far from proving effectiveness, of the 1,493 patients who participated, 74% discontinued taking antipsychotic drugs before the end of their treatment due to inefficacy, intolerable side effects or other reasons. After 18 months of taking Zyprexa, 64% of the patients stopped taking it—most commonly because it caused sleepiness, weight gain or neurological symptoms like stiffness and tremors.94
December 1, 2005: Researchers found that 18% of nearly 23,000 elderly patients taking the older antipsychotics died within the first six months of taking them.95
May 2, 2006: USA Today released the results of an analysis of FDA data that showed at least 45 children died between 2000 and 2004 from the side effects of antipsychotic drugs (Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Abilify and Geodon). Despite an adults-only FDA approval for these drugs, according to USA Today, up to 2.5 million children were prescribed them. As the FDA’s Adverse Drug Reactions reporting database only collects 1% to 10% of drug-induced side effects and reported deaths, the true child death rate could be between 450 and several thousand. Further, there were 1,328 reports of other side effects, some life-threatening, such as convulsions and low white blood cell count.96
January 5, 2008: The Lancet (Britain) published a study where the authors concluded “that the routine prescription of antipsychotic drugs early in the management of aggressive challenging behavior, even in low doses, should no longer be regarded as a satisfactory form of care.”97
April 2008: The American Geriatrics Society published a study entitled, “Antipsychotic Drug Use and Risk of Pneumonia in Elderly People,” which reviewed 22,944 elderly people with at least one antipsychotic prescription. The results of the study showed that “antipsychotics were associated with an almost 60% increase in the risk of pneumonia…” concluding that elderly people are at greater risk of pneumonia, especially during the first week of antipsychotic drug treatment.98
April 9, 2008: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published a study entitled, “The use of central nervous system [CNS] drugs and analgesics [painkillers] among very old people with and without dementia.” The study compared the use of CNS drugs in people aged 85 years or older, with and without dementia and concluded: “[T]he use of antipsychotics in people with dementia should arouse particular concern, because of the high risk of severe adverse events and the limited evidence of positive effects.”99
May 26, 2008: The Archives of Internal Medicine published a study about “Antipsychotic
Therapy and Short-term Serious Events in Older Adults With Dementia” that found:
“Serious events…are frequent following the short-term use of antipsychotic drugs in
older adults with dementia. Antipsychotic drugs should be used with caution even when
short-term therapy is being prescribed.”100
June 2008: The FDA issued a warning to healthcare professionals that conventional and
atypical antipsychotics are associated with an increased risk of mortality in elderly patients
treated for dementia-related psychosis. It specified that antipsychotics are not indicated
for the treatment of this condition. Additionally, the FDA required the manufacturers of
these drugs to add a boxed warning about this risk to the prescribing information. Older,
conventional antipsychotics were also to carry a “black box” warning about an increased
risk of death in some elderly people.101
April 2009: The Irish Medicines Board published in their Drug Safety Newsletter, a warning
about antipsychotics causing a risk of stroke and now increased risk of mortality in elderly
patients treated for dementia. This risk covers both typical and atypical antipsychotics.102
WARNINGS ON SPECIFIC ANTIPSYCHOTICS:
ABILIFY (aripiprazole):
Abilify and other antipsychotic drugs have caused a potentially fatal condition called
neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patients who develop this may have high fevers, muscle
rigidity, altered mental status, irregular pulse or blood pressure, rapid heart rate, excessive
sweating, and heart arrhythmias (irregularities).103
Body temperature regulation—disruption of the body’s ability to reduce core body
temperature—has been attributed to antipsychotic agents such as Abilify.104
April 2003: The U.S. consumer advocacy group Public Citizen conducted a review of
information published on Abilify, basing their evaluation primarily on publicly available
FDA reviews of information submitted by the manufacturer to gain FDA approval for
Abilify. Approval was based on five trials only lasting four to six weeks. According to
Public Citizen, “…nothing in these five trials can lead one to believe that aripiprazole
(Abilify) is a meaningful advancement in the treatment of schizophrenia.”105
The information insert on Abilify lists hyperglycemia (abnormally high blood sugar—
usually associated with diabetes), hypoglycemia (abnormally low blood sugar) and diabetes
as possible side effects.106
Clozaril (clozapine):
May 2008: Medsafe (New Zealand) posted a prescriber update called “Clozapine and
Achy Breaky Hearts” warning that clozapine can cause myocarditis [inflammation of the
heart muscle] that may be fatal. It was also associated with cardiomyopathy [disease of
the heart muscle]. While risk factors are unknown, pre-treatment cardiovascular screening
was recommended.107
May 2008: Medsafe posted their June 2008 “Watching Briefs,” a report in which they
included a warning: “Use of clozapine in older patients carries a higher risk of adverse
reactions such as postural hypotension [low blood pressure], falls, sedation and constipation,
compared to use in younger patients. Therefore, increased clinical monitoring of the elderly
is necessary to ensure their safety.”108
Haldol (haloperidol):
September 17, 2007: The FDA issued an alert to Healthcare Professionals about
haloperidol (marketed as Haldol), stating: “Due to a number of case reports of sudden
death, TdP [Torsades de Pointes] and QT prolongation [TdP and QT prolongation are types
of heart abnormalities] in patients treated with haloperidol (especially when the drug is
given intravenously or at doses higher than recommended), the sponsor has updated the
labeling for haloperidol.” ECG (Electrocardiogram—a graphical recording of the cardiac
cycle produced by a special machine, a.k.a. EKG) monitoring was recommended if
haloperidol is given intravenously, even though haloperidol is not approved for intravenous
administration.109
ZYPREXA (olanzapine):
July 22, 2005: Eli Lilly & Co., the manufacturer of Zyprexa, agreed to pay $1.07 billion
to settle more than 8,000 claims against the drug, alleging it could potentially cause lifethreatening
diabetes.110
September 22, 2005: Dr. Jeffrey Lieberman of Columbia University and other researchers
published a study in The New England Journal of Medicine comparing an older generation
of antipsychotics with several newer ones.111 After 18 months of taking Zyprexa, 64%
of the patients stopped taking it, most often because it was not well tolerated and caused
sleepiness, weight gain or neurological symptoms like stiffness and tremors.112
October 5, 2007: Eli Lilly issued an important Safety Information update on its website
and product labels for Zyprexa and Symbyax (combination of Zyprexa and fluoxetine, or
Prozac) warning of the risk of weight gain, hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar) and
hyperlipidemia (elevated fats in the blood and cholesterol).113
2008: The current Zyprexa Safety Information includes a “black box” warning of increased
risk of death in elderly patients with dementia, as well as the following warnings: High
level of fats in the blood, weight gain, high blood sugar, strokes and “mini strokes” (in
elderly people with dementia), neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, low
blood pressure, trouble with judgment, thinking, and reflexes, trouble swallowing, body
temperature problems…and “this is not a complete list….”114
*Akathisia: A, meaning “without” and kathisia, meaning “sitting,” an inability to keep still. Patients
pace about uncontrollably. The side effect has been linked to assaultive, violent behavior.87
*Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A potentially fatal toxic reaction where patients break into
fevers and become confused, agitated and extremely rigid. An estimated 100,000 Americans have
died from it after taking the older antipsychotics.88
*Tardive Dyskinesia: Tardive, meaning “late” and dyskinesia meaning, “abnormal movement of
muscles.” Tardive Dyskinesia is a permanent impairment of the power of voluntary movement of
the lips, tongue, jaw, fingers, toes and other body parts.89
References
1 Physicians’ Desk Reference, http://www.pdrhealth.com; “Adderall,” DrugStore.com, Internet URL: http://www.drugstore.com;
“Study Suggests Focalin (TM) LA Capsules (d-MPH-ER) Are Safe and Effective for ADHD in Adults,” PR Newswire, 5 May 2004;
A.D.D. Warehouse website; ADHDHelp, Internet URL: http://www.adhdhelp.org/metadate.htm. Journal of the Royal Society of Med.,
Vol 92, Mar. 99 “letters to the editor” p. 156. Medline Plus, www.nim.nih.gov/medlineplus: Millichap, J.Gordon “Methylphenidate
Role in Tourettes Syndrome Prevalence.
2 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., 1987, p. 136.
3 “Drug Scheduling,” U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Online, Internet URL: http://www.dea.gov.
4 Raul R. Gainetdinov; William C. Wetsel; Edward D. Sara; R. Levin Jones; Mohamed Jaber; Marc G. Caron, “Role of Serotonin in the
Paradoxical Calming Effect of Psychostimulants on Hyperactivity,” Science, 15 Jan. 1999.
5 “Statement on Concerta and Methylphenidate,” Statement posted on the FDA website, 28 June 2005.
6 Marian S. MacDonagh, PharmaD, and Kim Peterson, MS, “Drug Class Review on Pharmacologic Treatment for ADHD: Final
Report,” Oregon Health and Science University, Sept. 2005, pp. 13-20.
7 “FDA will study safety of attention-deficit drugs,” Kansas City Star, 5 Jan. 2006.
8 “Stimulants in children with ADHD may have negative CV effect,” Mental Health Law Weekly, 4 Feb. 2006.
9 Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar, “Warning Urged for ADHD Drugs,” Los Angeles Times, 10 Feb. 2006.
10 Todd Zwillich, “FDA Panel Recommends Warnings of Rare Reports of Aggressive Behavior or Psychotic Symptoms,” WebMD, 23
Mar. 2006.
11 “Dark side of a wonder drug,” The Australian, 28 Mar. 2006.
12 Almut G. Winterstein, et al., “Cardiac Safety of Central Nervous System Stimulants in Children and Adolescents With Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” Pediatrics, Vol. 120, Dec. 2007, pp. e1494-e1501.
13 W. Goldman, et al., “Association between treatment with central nervous system stimulants and Raynaud’s Syndrome in children: a
study of rheumatology patients,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, Vol. 58, No. l, 2 Feb. 2008, pp. 563-566.
14 Brian Vastig, “Pay Attention: Ritalin Acts Much Like Cocaine,” JAMA, 22/29 Aug. 2001, Vol. 286, No. 8, p. 905.
15 Joel Turtel, Public Schools, Public Menace: How Public Schools Lie to Parents and Betray Our Children, (Library Books, New
York), 2004-2005, p. 135.
16 “Partnership Attitude Tracking Study” of teens in 2004, 17th Annual report by Partnership for a Drug-Free America, 21 Apr. 2005;
“Survey: 1 in 5 teens getting high on medications, over-counter drugs,” NewsItem.com, 2 May 2005.
17 Larry A. Kroutil, et al., “Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in the United States,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Feb. 2006.
18 Brian Witte, “Slaying blamed on reaction to hyperactivity drug,” Associated Press, 25 Oct. 1999.
19 “J & J Psychiatric Safety Labeling, Cardiovascular Events Are Topic For Cmte,” FDAAdvisoryCommittee.com, June 2005.
20 “Health Canada Suspends Marketing of Adderall,” FDA Alert, 9 Feb. 2005.
21 “Health Canada allows Adderall XR® back on the Canadian market,” Health Canada News Release, 24 Aug. 2005.
22 Partnership Attitude Tracking Study, Teens – 2004, Partnership for a Drug-Free America, 21 Apr. 2005, p. 7; “Cylert recall
demanded over safety concerns,” Lifestyle News, www.mynippon.com/news/2005/03/cylert-recall-demanded-over-safety-concerns.
23 “Injured by Cylert?” Parker Waichman Alonso, LLP, http://www.yourlawyer.com/topics/overview/cylert.
24 “FDA Withdraws Approval for ADD Drug,” Associated Press, 24 Oct. 2005.
25 “Updated Safety Information: Warnings regarding serious rash, including Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and hypersensitivity reactions,
and psychiatric symptoms,” Cephalon, Inc., Sept. 2007.
26 Op. cit., DSM-III-R, pp. 136, 175.; Medical Economics Company, Physicians Desk Reference (Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics
Co, 1998), pp. 1,897.
27 “Methylphenidate (A Background Paper),” U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Oct. 1995, p. 16.
28 “Antidepressant Ritalin to be delisted because of abuse,” Daily Yomiuri Online, 19 Oct. 2007.
29 Ritalin Drug Label, fda.gov.
30 Physicians’ Desk Reference, http://www.pdrhealth.com; Joseph Glenmullen, M.D. Prozac Backlash, (Simon & Schuster, New York,
2000), p. 8; “Antidepressants Lift Clouds, But Lost ‘Miracle Drug’ Label,” The New York Times, 30 June 2002; Alice Park, “More
Drugs To Treat Hyperactivity,” TIME Magazine, 10 Sept. 2001; Wellbutrin/Bupropion, Prozac Truth website; “Teen Suffers Seizure
After Snorting Antidepressant,” HealthScoutNews Reporter, 23 Apr. 2003.
31 Dr. Candace B. Pert, Letter to the Editor, TIME Magazine, 20 Oct. 1997, p. 8.
32 “Worsening Depression and Suicidality in Patients Being Treated with Antidepressant Medication,” FDA Public Health Advisory, 22
Mar. 2004.
33 Gardiner Harris, “Antidepressant Study Seen to Back Expert,” The New York Times, 20 Aug. 2004.
34 “Antidepressant aggression concern,” BBC News Online, 21 Sept. 2004.
35 “Suicidality in Children and Adolescents Being Treated With Antidepressant Medications,” FDA Public Health Advisory, 15 Oct. 2004.
36 “New advice on prescribing anti-depressants,” New Zealand Ministry of Health Media Release, 21 Oct. 2004.
37 “Use of SSRI antidepressants in children and adolescents,” Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 6, Dec. 2004.
38 “European Medicines Agency finalises review of antidepressants in children and adolescents,” European Medicines Agency Press
Release, 25 Apr. 2005.
39 Sarah Boseley, “Suicide fear from antidepressants,” The Guardian (London), 18 Feb. 2005.
40 Joanna Moncrieff and Irving Kirsch, “Efficacy of Antidepressants in Adults,” British Medical Journal, Vol. 331, 16 July 2005, pp.
155-157; Salynn Boyles, “Battle Brews Over Antidepressant Use,” Fox News, 15 Jul. 2005.
41 “Suicidality with SSRIs: adults and children,” Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin, Vol. 24, No. 4, Aug. 2005.
42 “Annex II,” Commission Decision of 19-VIII-2005, Commission of the European Communities, 19 Aug. 2005.
43 Ivar Aursnes, et al., “Suicide Attempts in Clinical Trials with Paroxetine Randomised Against Placebo,” BMC Medicine, Vol. 3, pp.
14-18.
44 Sheryl Ubelacker, “SSRI antidepressants may raise suicide risk in elderly patients: study,” Sympatico, 1 May 2006.
45 “Antidepressants should list new risks: FDA,” Reuters, 19 July 2006; “Combined Use of 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor Agonists (Triptans), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) or Selective Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) May
Result in Life-threatening Serotonin Syndrome,” FDA Public Health Advisory, 19 July 2006.
46 “FDA Proposes New Warnings About Suicidal Thinking, Behavior in Young Adults Who Take Antidepressants,” FDA News, 2 May 2007.
47 “Antidepressants and suicidal thoughts and behaviour,” Pharmacovigilance Working Party, Jan. 2008.
48 Yan Chen, et al., “Risk of Cerebrovascular Events [CVE] Associated with Antidepressant Use in Patients with Depression: A
Population-Bases, Nested Case-Control Study,” The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 177-184, 22 Jan. 2008.
49 “Implementation of warnings on suicidal thoughts and behaviour in antidepressants,” MHRA, 5 February 2008.
50 Irving Kirsch, et al., “Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits: A Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug
Administration,” Public Library of Science, Vol. 5, Iss. 2, 26 Feb. 2008.
51 “Antidepressant drug use and risk of venous thromboembolism,” Pharmacotherapy, Vol. 28, No. 2, 28 Feb. 2008.
52 Thomas Laughren, M.D., Letter to GlaxoSmithKline Attn: Randal L. Batenhorst, Food and Drug Administration, Jan. 2009.
53 Benedict Carey, “Treatment of Depression in Pregnancy Affects Babies,” The New York Times, 4 Feb. 2005.
54 “General information concerning use of SSRI antidepressants in pregnant women,” Therapeutic Goods Administration, 7 Sept. 2005.
55 “Paroxetine HCL – Paxil and generic paroxetine,” 2005 Safety Alerts for Drugs, Biologics, Medical Devices, and Dietary
Supplements, FDA MedWatch, 27 Sept. 2005.
56 Steve Mitchell, “Analysis: SSRIs’ risk to infants,” United Press International, 6 Feb. 2006.
57 “Advisory – Newer antidepressants linked to serious lung disorder in newborns,” Health Canada press release, 10 Mar. 2006.
58 Maria Bishop, “Use of Antidepressants in Pregnancy Affects Neonatal Outcomes: Presented at AACAP,” Doctor’s Guide, 29 Oct.
2007.
59 “Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft and Other SSRI Antidepressants Tied to Premature Birth,” News Inferno, 6 May 2008.
60 “Duloxetine hydrochloride (marketed as Cymbalta) information,” FDA information sheet, 30 June 2005.
61 “Cymbalta (duloxetine hydrochloride),” 2005 Safety Alerts for Drugs, Biologics, Medical Devices, and Dietary Supplements, FDA
MedWatch, 17 Oct. 2005.
62 “NDA # 21-733. CYMBALTA® (duloxetine hydrochloride) Delayed-release Capsules. MACMIS # 14550,” FDA, 2 Oct. 2007.
63 “Paroxetine,” FDA Public Health Advisory, 8 Dec. 2005.
64 Benedict Carey and Gardiner Harris, “Antidepressant May Raise Suicide Risk,” The New York Times, 12 May 2006.
65 Corrado Barbui, M.D., et al., “Effectiveness of paroxetine in the treatment of acute major depression in adults: a systematic reexamination
of published and unpublished data from randomized trials,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 178, No. 3, 29
Jan. 2008.
66 “New Warning for Strattera,” FDA Talk Paper, 17 Dec. 2004.
67 “Attention Drug to Get New Warning,” Los Angeles Times, 18 Dec. 2004.
68 “Strattera to Get New Risk Label,” The Washington Post, 18 Dec. 2004.
69 “New Drugs in Pipeline,” Psychiatric News, 21 Dec. 2001.
70 “Lilly to add suicide warning to Strattera,” ABC News, 29 Sept. 2005.
71 “Atomoxetine and suicidal behavior: update,” Canadian Adverse Reaction Newsletter, Vol. 18, Iss. 3, July 2008.
72 “Atomoxetine: risk of psychotic or manic symptoms,” Drug Safety Update, MHRA, Vol. 2, Iss. 8, March 2009.
73 “Teen Suffers Seizure After Snorting Antidepressant,” HealthScoutNews Reporter, 23 Apr., 2003.
74 Op. cit., Prozac Truth website.
75 Alice Park, “More Drugs To Treat Hyperactivity,” TIME Magazine, 10 Sept. 2001.
76 Op. cit., Prozac Truth website.
77HealthScoutNews Reporter.
78 Op. cit. Physicians’ Desk Reference, http://www.pdrhealth.com.
79 “Suicidality in Children and Adolescents Being Treated With Antidepressant Medications,” FDA Public Health Advisory, 15 Oct.
2004.
80 Op cit.New Zealand Ministry of Health.
81 Italian Official Gazette, No. 224, 26 Sept. 2005.
82 “Depression in Children and Young People,” National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, Sept. 2005, pp. 16, 18 and 28.
83 FDA, “Antidepressant Use in Children, Adolescents, and Adults,” www.fda.gov/CDER/Drug/antidepressants?default.html, updated
2 May 2007.
84 Op. Cit.Maria Bishop.
85 “Antidepressant drug use and risk of venous thromboembolism,” Pharmacotherapy, Vol. 28, No. 2, 28 Feb. 2008.
86 Physicians’ Desk Reference, http://www.pdrhealth.com; “ABILIFY Rx Only (aripiprazole) Tablets,” Package Insert, revised Mar.
2004; “GENERIC NAME: Aripiprazole BRAND NAME: Abilify,” Internet URL: http://www.MedicineNet.com, Last Editorial
Review: 9/8/04; “Aripiprazole Brand Name: Abilify,” Internet URL: http://www.HealthyPlace.com, Ty C. Colbert, Rape of the Soul,
How the Chemical Imbalance Model of Modern Psychiatry has Failed its Patients, (Kevco Publishing, California, 2001), p. 106.
87 Robert Whitaker, Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill, (Perseus
Publishing, New York, 2002), pp. 182, 186.
88 Op. cit., Robert Whitaker, p. 208.
89 George Crane, “Tardive Dyskinesia in Patients Treated with Major Neuroleptics: A Review of the Literature,” American Journal of
Psychiatry, Vol. 124, Supplement, 1968, pp. 40-47.
90 Michael J. Burns, “The Pharmacology and Toxicology of Atypical Antipsychotic Agents,” Journal of Toxicology, 1 Jan. 2001.
91 Ibid.
92 “FDA: Antipsychotic Drugs, Diabetes Linked,” Associated Press Online, 18 Sept. 2003.
93 “Atypical antipsychotics and hyperglycaemia,” Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 3, June 2004.
94 Jeffrey A. Lieberman, M.D., et al., “Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia,” The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 353, No. 12, 22 Sept. 2005.
95 Philip S. Wang, et al., “Risk of Death in Elderly Users of Conventional vs. Atypical Antipsychotic Medication,” The New England
Journal of Medicine, Vol. 353, No. 22, 1 Dec. 2005.
96 Marilyn Elias, “New antipsychotic drugs carry risks for children; Side effects can lead to bigger health problems,” USA Today, 2
May 2006.
97 Peter Tyrer, et al., “Risperidone, haloperidol, and placebo in the treatment of aggressive challenging behaviour in patients with
intellectual disability: a randomized controlled trial,” The Lancet, Vol. 371, 5 Jan. 2008.
98 Wilma Knol, M.D., et al., “Antipsychotic Drug Use and Risk of Pneumonia in Elderly People,” The American Geriatrics Society, Vol.
56, No. 4, pp. 661-666, Apr. 2008.80
99 Hugo Lovheim, M.D., Stig Karlsoon, R.N., Ph.D., et al., “The use of central nervous system drugs and analgesics among very old
people with and without dementia,” Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 9 Apr. 2008.
100 Paula A. Rochon, M.D., MPH, FRCPC, et al., “Antipsychotic Therapy and Short-term Serious Events in Older Adults With
Dementia,” The Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 168, No. 10, 26 May 2008.
101 “Information for Healthcare Professionals Antipsychotics,” FDA, June 2008; “US FDA expands antipsychotic drug warning,”
Reuters UK, 17 June 2008.
102 “Update on the safety of antipsychotic medicines – risk of stroke and increased risk of mortality in elderly patients treated for
dementia,” Drug Safety Newsletter, Iss. 30, Apr. 2009, p. 5.
103 MedicineNet.com, Last Editorial Review: 9/8/04.
104 “Abilify Information,” Pharma-Help.com.
105 “The New Anti-Psychotic Drug Aripiprazole (ABILIFY),” Public Citizen’s eLetter, Apr. 2003.
106 Op. cit., “ABILIFY Rx Only (aripiprazole) Tablets,”
107 “Clozapine and Achy Breaky Hearts,” MedSafe, May 2008.
108 Watching Briefs, MedSafe, June 2008.
109 “Information for Healthcare Professionals Haloperidol (marketed as Haldol, Haldol Decanoate and Haldol Lactate),” FDA ALERT,
17 Sept. 2007.
110 Jeff Swiatek, “Uncertainty was Driver in Zyprexa Deal,” IndianapolisStar.com, 11 June 2005.
111 Op. cit., Jeffrey A. Lieberman, M.D., et al.
112 “Study: New drugs little better for schizophrenia,” St. Petersburg Times, 20 Sept. 2005.
113 “Important Safety Information about ZYPREXA® (olanzapine),” Eli Lilly and Company, 5 Oct. 2007; “Lilly Announces Updates
to the Zyprexa and Symbyax U.S. Labels,” PRNewswire, Bio-Medicine, 5 Oct. 2007.
114 ZYPREXA Safety Information, www.zyprexa.com.
115 Physicians’ Desk Reference, http://www.pdrhealth.com.
116 Tracey McVeigh, “Tranquilizers ‘more lethal than heroin,’” The Observer, 5 Nov. 2000.
117 Matt Clark, Mary Hager, “Valium Abuse: The Yellow Peril,” Newsweek, 24 Sept. 1979; Dr. Patrick Holford, “How to Quit
Tranquilizers,” www.patrickholdford.com, 2008.
118 Ibid.
119 Op. cit., Tracey McVeigh.
120 “Elderly On Long-Acting Anxiety, Insomnia Drugs Have More Car Crashes,” Doctor’s Guide citing Journal of American Medical
Association, 30 June 1997.
121 “Agression, Violence & Bezodiazapines,” Benzo.org.uk, citing British National Formulary, 2001.
122 Benzo.org.uk, citing Professor C. Heather Ashton, Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How To Withdraw, Feb. 2001.
123 “The Influence on the Pharmaceutical Industry,” House of Commons, UK, Health Committee, Vol. 1, Mar. 2005. p. 65.
124 Tarja-Brita R. Wahlin, et al., “Falls and fall risk among nursing home residents,” The Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol. 17, pp. 126-
134, Jan. 2008.
125 “Europe-wide review recommends updates to product information for varenicline (brand name Champix),” MHRA, 14 Dec. 2008.
126 “Early Communication About an Ongoing Safety Review Varenicline (marketed as Chantix),” FDA, 20 Nov. 2007.
127 “Varenicline (marketed as Chantix) Information,” FDA Alert, 1 Feb. 2008.
128 Op. cit., House of Commons, UK, Health Committee, p. 65.
129 Anna Maria Dademan, “Flunitrazepam and violence—psychiatric and legal issues,” Department of Clinical Neuroscience,
Occupational Therapy and Elderly Care, Research Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, Sweden, 2000, p. 43.
130 “Zolpidem (‘Stilnox’) – Updated information – February 2008,” Theraputic Goods Administration, 21 Feb. 2008; “Club Drugs: An
Update,” Drug Intelligence Brief, Drug Enforcement Administration, Sept. 2001.
131 “FDA Safety Changes: Ambien, Primazin IM/IV, Hepsera,” Medscape, 28 Aug. 2008.
132 Peter Breggin, Toxic Psychiatry, (St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1991) p. 245.
133 Jerrold F. Rosenbaum, et al., “Emergence of Hostility During Alprazolam Treatment in Borderline Personality Disorder,” The
American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 141, No. 6 (June 1984), pp. 792-793.
134 David L. Gardner and Rex W. Cowdrey, “Alprazolam-Induced Dyscontrol in Borderline Personality Disorder,” The American
Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 142, No. 1 (Jan. 1985), pp. 98-100.
135 “Xanax addiction extremely tough to kick,” MSNBC News Online, 2001.
136 Statement by Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Chairman and President, “Under the Counter: The Diversion and Abuse of Controlled
Prescription Drugs in the U.S.” The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, July 2005.
137 Physicians’ Desk Reference, (Medical Economics Company, New Jersey, 1998), pp. 2822-2823; David L. Richman, M.D., Leonard
Roy Frank, and Art Mandler, Dr. Caligari’s Psychiatric Drugs (Alonzo Printing Co., Inc., California, 1984), p. 39.
138 Op. cit., David L. Richman, M.D., et al., pp. 38-39.
139 Ibid.
Source: http://www.cchrint.org/pdfs/The_Side_Effects_of_Common_Psychiatric_Drugs.pdf
A previous article entitled Conventional Antipsychotics provides information... Conventional Antipsychotics, Loxitane ve Moban
Related Posts
The Side Effects Of Common Psychiatric Drugs: Newer Antidepressants
The Side Effects Of Common Psychiatric Drugs: Older Antidepressants
Mental Health Medications
The Side Effects Of Common Psychiatric Drugs: Anti-Anxiety Drugs
The Side Effects Of Common Psychiatric Drugs: Lithium
The Side Effects Of Common Psychiatric Drugs: Psychostimulants
Related posts
Tags: a gland near the stomach that helps digestion), Abilify (aripiprazole), Abnormal gait (manner of walking), agitation, Akathisia, and back muscle spasms, ankles, Antipsychotics, anxiety, back, Birth defects, Blood disorders, Blood-sugar abnormalities, Blurred vision, Brand Names Generic Names, Breastmilk production, breathing, Cardiac arrest, Changes in behavior, Chest pain, chlorprothixene), Clozaril (clozapine), Compazine (prochlorperazine), Confusion, constipation, Death from liver failure, Decreased sexual interest or ability, depression, Diabetes, diarrhea, Difficulty breathing, Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, Difficulty urinating or loss of bladder control, dizziness, Dreaming more than usual, Drowsiness, dry mouth, Dry or discolored skin, eakness, esylate), Excess, Excessive weight gain, Extreme inner anxiety, Eye pain or discoloration, Fainting, Fast, Fatal blood clots, feet, Fever, Fine worm-like tongue movements, Flu-like, fluphenazine), Geodon (ziprasidone hydrochloride), Haldol (haloperidol), hands, hat lasts for hours, he arms, headache, Heart arrhythmia, Heart failure, Heart palpitation, heartbeat, Heartburn, Heat, Hemorrhage, High fever, Hives, hostility, Hyperglycemia (abnormally high blood sugar), Hypoglycemia (abnormally low blood sugar), Impotence, Increased appetite, Increased salivation, Indigestion, insomnia, Invega (palperidone), Involuntary movements, iredness, Itching, Jaw, jerky movements, Joint, Lack of energy, lanzapine –antidepressant/antipsychotic mix), Largactil (clorpromazine), legs, Leponex (clozapine), Lidone (molindone), Light-headedness, Loss of appetite, Loxitane (loxapine), Major Tranquilizers, Manic reaction, Mellaril (thioridazine hydrochloride), Moban (molindone, Mood changes, Muscle or joint stiffness, Muscle twitching, nausea, Navane (thiorixene), neck, Nervousness, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, neuroleptics, Newer Atypical Antipsychotics, Nightmares, Novo-Trifluzine (trifluoperazine), Nozinan (methotrimeprazine), Older Antipsychotics, or, or joints, or lower legs, or pounding, Pacing, pain, Pain in arms, Pain in the upper right part of the stomach, Painful erection, Painful skin rashes, Pancreatitis (inflammation of pancreas, Permitil, perphenazine, Phenergam (promethazie), Poor concentration, Proketazine (carphenazine), r fast, rap (pimozide), Repoise (butaperazine Maleate), Restlessness or pacing, Risperdal (risperidone), rolixin (fluphenazine, rregular, rregularity), Seizures or convulsions, Serentil (mesoridazine, Serlect (sertindole), Seroquel (quetiapine), Sexual dysfunction, Shakiness, Shaking hands that you cannot control, side-effects, sleepiness, Slow, Slow or difficult speech, Sore throat, Sparine (promazine), Spasms, Stelazine (trifluoperazine), Stemetil (prochlorperazine), suicidal thoughts, swallowing, Swelling of, Swollen and leaking breasts, Symbyax (fluoxetine and, Tachycardia (heart, Taractan, Tardive Dyskinesia, The Side Effects Of Common Psychiatric Drugs: Antipsychotics, Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Tindal (acetophenazine), Trancopal (chlormezanone), Tremors, Trilafon, troke, Unusual, Unusual behavior, Unusual bleeding or bruising, Vesprin (triflupromazine), Violence, vomiting, Weakness, weating, Weight gain, ydrochloride), Yellowing of the skin or eyes, ymptoms, Zeldox (ziprasidone), Zyprexa (olanzapine)
